Bali

Bali is the name of one of the provinces in Indonesia and also the name of the largest island that is part of the province. In addition consists of the island of Bali, Bali Province region also consists of islands smaller in the vicinity, namely the island of Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan Island, Island and Island Ceningan attack.

Bali lies between Java and Lombok. Denpasar is the capital of the province which is located in the southern part of the island. The majority of the population of Bali is Hindu. In the world famous Bali as a tourist destination with a unique variety of art-culture, especially for the Japanese and Australian. Bali is also known as the Island of Gods and Island of Thousand Temples

geography

The island of Bali is part of the Lesser Sunda Islands along the 153 km and 112 km wide approximately 3.2 km from the island of Java. Astronomically, Bali is located at 8 ° 25'23 "south latitude and 115 ° 14'55" East Longitude tropical climate that makes it like the rest of Indonesia.

Mount Agung is the highest point in Bali as high as 3,148 m. The volcano last erupted in March 1963. Gunung Batur is also one mountain in Bali. Around 30,000 years ago, Mount Batur erupted and produced a terrible disaster on earth. Unlike in the north, the southern part of Bali is irrigated lowland rivers.

Based on the relief and topography, in the middle of the island of Bali lies the mountains that extends from west to east and in between the mountains which are clusters of volcanic Mount Batur and Mount Agung and the mountains are not volcanoes, namely Mount Merbuk, Mount Patas, and Gunung Seraya. The existence of these mountains cause by Geographic Area Bali is divided into 2 (two) parts are not the same, namely North Bali with a narrow lowland and less sloping, and South Bali with a broad lowland and sloping. Bali slope consists of flat land (0-2%) covering an area of ​​122 652 hectares, undulating land (2-15%) covering an area of ​​118 339 ha, steep land (15-40%) and an area of ​​190 486 ha of land is very steep (> 40%) an area of ​​132 189 ha. Province of Bali has 4 (four) lakes located in mountainous areas, namely or Bedugul Lake Beratan, Buyan, Tamblingan, and Batur. Natural beautiful Balinese make the island famous as a tourist area.

The capital of Bali is Denpasar. Places Ubud Other important as the art center and resort, located in Gianyar regency. Nusa Lembongan is as one of the dive (diving), located in Klungkung regency. While Kuta, Seminyak, Jimbaran and Nusa Dua are some places that become major tourist destination, both tourist and beach resort, spa, etc., is located in Badung regency.

The total area of ​​Bali Province is 5636.66 km2 or 0.29% of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. Administratively, the Province of Bali is divided into 8 districts, 1 municipality, 55 districts, and 701 villages / wards.

history

The first inhabitants of the island of Bali is expected to come in 3000-2500 BCE who migrated from Asia. [3] Remains of the stone tools were found in the village Cekik located in the western part of the island. [4] Prehistoric Period then ended with the arrival of Hinduism and written English Sanskrit of India in 100 BC. [citation needed]

Culture of Bali later gained strong influence of Indian culture that the process is getting faster after the 1st century AD. Name Balidwipa (island) began to be found in various inscriptions, including the inscription Blanjong issued by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 913 AD and mentioning the word Walidwipa. It is estimated that around this time that Subak irrigation system for rice cultivation began to be developed. Some religious and cultural traditions also began to develop at that time. Majapahit Empire (1293-1500 AD) who are Hindus and centered on the island of Java, had founded the kingdom of subordinates in Bali around the year 1343 AD It was almost across the country are Hindus, but with the coming of Islam stood Islamic kingdoms in the archipelago which, among other cause the collapse of Majapahit. Many nobles, clergy, artists and other Hindu community when it withdrew from Java to Bali.

The Europeans who first discovered Bali is Cornelis de Houtman from the Netherlands in 1597, though a Portuguese ship had previously been stranded near the Bukit peninsula, Jimbaran, in 1585. Netherlands through the VOC also began to implement the occupation of the land of Bali, but continue to get resistance, so until end of the power of their position in Bali is not as solid as their position in the Java or the Moluccas. Starting from the northern region of Bali, since the 1840s the Netherlands has become a permanent presence which was originally done by pit-sheep of various rulers of Bali that mutual trust each other. Dutch major attack by sea and land against the Sanur area and was followed by the Denpasar area. Bali party who lost in numbers and armaments do not want to experience shame for surrender, thus causing the war to the death titk bellows or war involving all the people both men and women including the king. An estimated 4,000 people were killed in the incident, although the Netherlands has ordered them to surrender. Furthermore, the Dutch governors who ruled only a few gave its influence on the island, so that local control of religion and culture generally does not change.

Japan occupied Bali during World War II and then a military officer named I Gusti Ngurah Rai Bali forming forces 'freedom fighters'. Following the Japanese surrender in the Pacific in August 1945, the Dutch promptly returned to Indonesia (including Bali) to re-establish its colonial rule as a state before the war. This was opposed by the forces of resistance Bali who was using Japanese weapons.

On 20 November 1945, Bellows Margarana battles broke out happened in the village of Marga, Tabanan, Bali middle. Colonel I Gusti Ngurah Rai aged 29, led his troops from the eastern region of Bali to carry out attacks to death on the Dutch armed forces. All members of the battalion Bali killed everything and make it as a last Balinese military resistance.

In 1946 the Dutch made Bali as one of the 13 areas part of the State of East Indonesia was proclaimed, named as one of the rival state to the Republic of Indonesia which was proclaimed and headed by Sukarno and Hatta. Bali then also incorporated into the United States of Indonesia when the Netherlands recognized Indonesian independence on December 29, 1949. Years 1950, Bali officially leave perserikatannya with Dutch and legally became a province of the Republic of Indonesia.

Mount Agung eruption that occurred in 1963, had shaken the people's economy and led to many of the Balinese transmigrated to other areas in Indonesia.

In 1965, along with the failure by the G30S coup against the national government in Jakarta, Bali and many other areas there was a crackdown against members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party. In Bali, it is estimated that more than 100,000 people were killed or missing. Nevertheless, the events of the early days of the New Order until now has not succeeded disclosed by law. [5]

Terrorist attacks have occurred on October 12, 2002, a bomb attack in the 2002 Bali Kuta Beach tourist area, causing as many as 202 people were killed and 209 others injured. Bali bomb attacks in 2005 also occurred three years later in Kuta and Jimbaran beach. These incidents received extensive international coverage because most of the victims were foreign tourists and causing Bali's tourism industry faces severe challenges in recent years.

demography

Bali residents about a number of 4 million people more, with a 92.3% majority embraced Hinduism. Other religions are Buddhism, Islam, Protestant and Catholic. Islam is the largest minority religion in Bali with adherents between 5 to 7.2%.

Apart from tourism, the Balinese are also living from farming and fishing, the most recognized in the world of agriculture is Bali Subak system. Some also choose to be an artist. The language used in Bali is Indonesian, Balinese and English, especially for those who work in the tourism sector.

Balinese and Indonesian are the most widely languages ​​use in Bali and Indonesia as well as other residents, the majority of Balinese people are bilingual or even trilingual. Although there are several dialects of the Balinese language, the Balinese people generally use some form of Balinese language intercourse as an option to communicate. Traditionally, the use of various dialects of the Balinese language is determined by the color of the chess system in Hindu Dharma and clan membership (the term Bali: soroh, gotra); although the implementation of these traditions tend to diminish. In some places in Bali, a number of users of the Java language.

English is the third language (and the primary foreign language) of many Balinese people are influenced by the needs of the tourism industry. The employees who work at tourist information centers in Bali, often also understand some foreign language with sufficient competence. Japanese education is also a priority in Bali.
Transportation

Bali has no railway network but the existing road network on the island is classified as very good compared to other regions in Indonesia, with a good road network available to the affected areas, especially tourist destinations namely Legian, Kuta, Sanur, Nusa Dua, Ubud, etc.. Most residents have private vehicles and chose to use it because the public transportation is not available with either, except for taxis and shuttles tourism. Mass transportation modes currently prepared to Bali is able to provide more comfort to the tourists. Recently to serve the needs of a viable mass transportation on the island of Bali launched Sarbagita Trans (Trans Denpasar, Badung, Gianyar, Tabanan) Using a large bus with air conditioning and a rate of $ 3,500.

Until now, transport in Bali are generally built around the southern part of Bali Denpasar, Kuta, Nusa Dua and Sanur while the northern region lacks good accommodation.

Types of public transport in Bali only between the other:

    Gig, using the horse as a vehicle towing a wagon known as elsewhere
    Motorcycle taxi, motorcycle taxi
    Bemo / public transportation, serving in and intercity
    Bus Trans Sarbagita (Corridor 1 <City - Garuda Wisnu Kencana (GWK)>) and (Corridor 2 <Nusa Dua - Batubulan>)
    Taxi
    Komotra, bus serving a trip to Kuta beach and surrounding area
    Buses, serving intercity relations, rural areas, and between provinces.

Bali is connected to the island of Java by ferry service that connects Gilimanuk in the Jembrana district Ketapang Port in Banyuwangi long latency of approximately 30 to 45 minutes. Crossing to the island of Lombok via Padangbai to the Port of Sheet Harbour which takes about four to five hours long depending on the weather.

Air transport is served by Ngurah Rai International Airport with destinations to major cities in Indonesia, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Timor Leste, the PRC and Japan. The runway and aircraft coming and going can be seen clearly from the coast and into some sort of additional entertainment for tourists who enjoy the beaches of Bali.

For land transportation between islands in Bali-Denpasar there Ubung terminal and Mengwi terminal that connects the island to the islands of Java and Lombok. Ubung terminal on the island serving a wide range of inter-island service to Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, Malang, Madura, Jember, etc.. Inter-island transport is served by a large fleet of buses with economy class, business and executive. Ubung relatively crowded terminals start at 15:00 pm-18:00 pm because of the many buses at the start went to town tujuuan respectively. For those of you who came this keterminal please be wary because many brokers are somewhat forced passengers.

culture

music

Balinese traditional music has in common with traditional music in many other areas in Indonesia, for example in the use of the gamelan and various other percussion instruments. Even so, there are peculiarities in the technique and gubahannya plays, for example in the form of Kecak, ie a form of singing that supposedly mimic apes. Similarly, a variety of gamelan played was unique, for example jegog gamelan, gamelan gong gede, gamelan xylophone, gamelan and gamelan Semar selunding Pegulingan. There is also music played for the cremation ceremony Angklung and Bebonangan music played in various other ceremonies.

There is a modern form of the traditional music of Bali, for example Gamelan Gong Kebyar which is dance music that developed in the Dutch colonial period and Joged tube that became popular in Bali since the 1950s. Generally, Balinese music is a combination of various metal percussion instrument (metallophone), gongs and wooden percussion (xylophone). Because social relations, politics and culture, traditional music of Bali or Balinese gamelan game influence or affect each culture in the surrounding regions, such as the traditional music community in Banyuwangi and traditional music of Lombok.

    Gamelan orchestra
    Jegog
    Genggong
    Silat Bali

dance

Balinese dance in general can be categorized into three groups, namely guardian or sacred dance performances, dance performances bebali or for the ceremony and also for visitors and balih-balihan or dance for the entertainment of visitors. [7]

Balinese dance expert I Made Bandem [8] in the early 1980s never classify these Balinese dances; Among others who belong to the trustee, for example Berutuk, Sang Hyang Dedari, Rejang and Baris Gede, among others, is Gambuh bebali, Mask and Puppet Pajegan Wong, while balih-balihan among others is the Legong, Parwa, Arja, Prembon and Joged as well as a variety of choreography Other modern dance.

One of the dances are very popular for tourists is the Kecak Dance and Pendet. Around the 1930s, Wayan modulus worked with German painter Walter Spies to create the Kecak dance by Sang Hyang tradition and part of the Ramayana story. Wayan modulus popularizing this dance while traveling the world with his troupe of Balinese dancers.

dances guardian

Sang Hyang Dedari
     Sang Hyang Jaran
     Rejang dance
     Line dance

Balih dance-balihan

Legong Dance
     Arja
     Joged tube
     drama Gong
     Barong
     Pendet
     Kecak Dance
     Calon Arang
     dance Janger

Clothing region

Clothing of Bali actually quite varied, although briefly looks the same. Each area in Bali has a characteristic and symbolic ornaments, based on activity / ritual, sex and age of users. Social and economic status of a person can be known by the style of clothing and jewelry ornaments worn.

man

Traditional men's clothing generally consists of:

     Udeng (headband)
     fabric seam
     Umpal (shawl fastener)
     Wastra cloth (strapless)
     belt
     kris
     Variety of jewelry ornaments

Often worn dress shirts, jackets and footwear as a complement

woman

Traditional clothing of women generally consist of:

     Bun (bun)
     Sesenteng (kemben songket)
     Cain wastra
     Prada belt (stagen), twisted hips and chest
     Songket shawl shoulder down
     Tapih cloth or sinjang, next to the
     Variety of jewelry ornaments

Often kebaya worn, the cloth covering the chest, and footwear as a complement.

food

The main meal

chicken betutu
     pork roll
     lecher
     Be Kokak Mekuah
     Be Pasih mesambel the S.
     duck betutu
     Berengkes
     Grangasem



     Jejeruk
     Jukut Urab
     komoh
     lawar
     rice Bubuh
     rice Tepeng
     Penyon
     Sate Kablet

Traditional House

Balinese house in accordance with the rules of Asta Kosala Kosali (part of the Vedas which adjust the layout of the room and the building, like Feng Shui in Chinese Culture)

According to the philosophy of the Balinese people, the dynamism in life will be achieved when the realization of a harmonious relationship between aspects pawongan, palemahan and parahyangan. For the construction of a house should include these aspects or commonly known as Tri Hita Karana. Pawongan is the occupants of the house. Palemahan means there must be a good relationship between residents and the environment.

In general, building or area of traditional Balinese architecture is always filled with ornaments, a carved, equipment and provision of color. The decorative means as an expression of the beauty of certain symbols and communications delivery. Decorative forms of fauna also function as ritual symbols shown in the sculpture.

Posted by : Edy santoso