Majapahit

Majapahit was an empire centered in East Java, Indonesia, which once stood from about 1293 to 1500 AD The kingdom reached its peak became imperial highway that controls a wide area in the archipelago during the reign of Hayam Wuruk, who reigned from 1350 to in 1389.

Kingdom of Majapahit Hindu-Buddhist kingdom was the last master of the archipelago and is considered as one of the greatest country in the history of Indonesia. [2] According to Negarakertagama, its power lies in Java, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Indonesia to the east, though his territory is disputed

historiography

There is little physical evidence of the remnants of the Majapahit Kingdom, [4] and its history is unclear. [5] The main sources used by historians are Pararaton ('Book of Kings') in Kawi language and Nagarakretagama [6] in the language Old Javanese. [7] Pararaton especially telling Ken Arok (the founder of the Kingdom Singhasari) but also includes several short sections about the formation of Majapahit. Meanwhile, Nagarakertagama an Old Javanese poem written during the Majapahit golden age under the reign of Hayam Wuruk. Kakawin Nagarakretagama in 2008 was recognized as part of the World Memory Register (Memory of the World Programme) by UNESCO. [8] After that, the thing that happens is not clear. [9] In addition, there are some inscriptions in Old Javanese and notes history of China and other countries. [9]

The accuracy of all the Java language manuscript is contested. There is no denying that the resources it contains the non-historical and mythical. Some scholars such as C.C. Berg considers all of the text is not the record of the past, but have meaning in terms of the supernatural can know the future. [10] However, there are many scholars who believe that the outline of these sources can be accepted as consistent with historical records of China, especially the list ruler and the state of the kingdom that looks pretty uncertain. [5] In 2010 a group of Japanese businessmen led by Yoshiaki Takajo finance shipbuilding Majapahit Majapahit or Spirit will sail to Asia. According Takajo, this is done to commemorate the cooperation of the Majapahit kingdom and the kingdom of Japan against China (Mongols) in the war in the Pacific Ocean. [11] According to the Southeast Asian Archaeology Professor National University of Singapore John N. Miksic Majapahit power range includes Sumatra and Singapore even Thailand as evidenced by the influence of culture, style buildings, temples, statues and art. [12] there is even a martial arts college named Kali Majapahit originating from the Philippines with members from Asia and America. Silat Kali Majapahit's claim stems from the ancient Majapahit kingdom called mastering the Philippines, Singapore, Malaysia and Southern Thailand

history
founding of Majapahit
Statue of Harihara, the god combination of Shiva and Vishnu as Kertarajasa depiction. The temple was originally located in Scallop, Blitar, now in the collection of the National Museum of the Republic of Indonesia.

Before the founding of Majapahit, Singhasari has become the most powerful kingdom in Java. This is a concern of Kublai Khan, the ruler of the Yuan Dynasty in China. He sent a messenger named Meng Chi [14] to Singhasari demanding tribute. Kertanagara, the last ruler of the kingdom Singhasari refused to pay tribute and embarrass the messenger by destroying his face and cut off his ear. [14] [15] Kublai Khan angry and then dispatched a large expedition to Java in 1293.

When it is, Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, already overthrew and killed Kertanegara. On the advice of Aria Wiraraja, Jayakatwang pardoned the Raden Wijaya, Kertanegara-law, who came to surrender. Then, Wiraraja sent messengers to Daha, who brought the letter contains a statement, Raden Wijaya give up and want to serve Jayakatwang. [16] The answer to the above letter was greeted with pleasure. [16] Raden Wijaya then given forest Pull. He opened the forest and build a new village. The village was named Majapahit, whose name is taken from maja fruit, and taste "bitter" of the fruit. When the Mongol army arrived, Wijaya allied with the Mongolian army to fight Jayakatwang. After successfully dropping Jayakatwang, Raden Wijaya turned against their allies, forcing Mongolnya pull its troops back home frantically because they are in a foreign country. [17] [18] It was also their last chance to catch the monsoon winds to be able to go home, or they will have to wait another six months in a foreign island.

The exact date is used as the date of birth of the Majapahit kingdom is the day of the coronation as king Raden Wijaya, the 15th of the month of Kartika in 1215 saka which coincides with the date of 10 November 1293. He was crowned with the official name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. The kingdom is facing the problem. Some people trusted Kertarajasa, including Ranggalawe, Sora, and Nambi rebelled against him, despite the unsuccessful uprising. Ranggalawe uprising was supported by Panji Mahajaya, Arya Sidi Ra, Ra Jaran Waha, Latitude Ra, Ra Tosan, Wren Ra, and Ra Tati. All of this is mentioned in Pararaton. [19] Slamet Muljana suspect that Mahapatih Halayudha who conspiring to overthrow everyone trusted the king, so that he can reach the highest positions in the government. But after the death of the last rebel (Kuti), Halayudha arrested and jailed, and then put to death. [18] Wijaya died in 1309.

Wijaya's son and successor was Jayanegara. Pararaton call Gemet Kala, which means "weak villain". Approximately at some time in the next government Jayanegara, an Italian priest, Odorico da Pordenone visited Majapahit kingdom in Java. In 1328, Jayanegara killed by his doctors, Tanca. His stepmother Gayatri Rajapatni is supposed to replace, but Rajapatni chose to resign from the palace and became nuns. Rajapatni pointed Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi daughter to become queen of Majapahit. In 1336, Tribhuwana appointed Gajah Mada as Mahapatih, at the time of his inauguration Gajah Mada say Palapa Oath that showed the plan to widen the powers of Majapahit and build an empire. During Tribhuwana power, the Majapahit empire evolved into a larger and well-known in the archipelago. Tribhuwana ruled Majapahit until the death of his mother in 1350. He continued by his son, Hayam Wuruk.
heyday of Majapahit
Majapahit graceful angel, statue mold emasapsara (celestial nymphs) typical Majapahit style perfectly illustrates the empire of Majapahit era as a "golden age" of the archipelago.
Terracotta is believed to face a portrait of Gajah Mada.

Hayam Wuruk, also called Rajasanagara, Majapahit ruled from 1350 until 1389. At the time of Majapahit reached its peak with the help of mahapatihnya, Gajah Mada. Under the command of Gajah Mada (1313-1364), Majapahit control of more territory.

According Kakawin Nagarakretagama Canto XIII-XV, Majapahit territory covers Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara islands, Maluku, Papua, Tumasik (Singapore) and some islands of the Philippines. [20] This shows the widest source at the same height of glory Raj Majapahit.
Tomb of Princess Campa in Trowulan (photo taken in 1870 to 1900)

However, natural and economic constraints shows that the areas of power seems not to be under the centralized power of Majapahit, but are connected to each other by trade who may be monopolized by the king. [21] Majapahit also has a relationship with Campa, Cambodia, Siam, southern Burma, and Vietnam, and even sent an ambassador-envoys to China. [2] [21]

In addition to launching attacks and military expeditions, Majapahit also established the path of diplomacy and alliances. Possible driven political reasons, Hayam Wuruk desire to marry Citraresmi (Pitaloka), daughter of the Kingdom of Sunda as queen. [22] The Sunda consider this proposal as a partnership agreement. In 1357 the Sunda king and his family entourage and bodyguards flew to deliver Majapahit princess to marry Hayam Wuruk. However Gajah Mada saw this as an opportunity to compel submission under the Sunda kingdom of Majapahit. The fight between the Sunda royal family by Majapahit troops on the ground Bubat inevitable. Despite bravely put up resistance, the Sunda royal family were overwhelmed and ultimately defeated. Almost all the royal family entourage can Sunda brutally destroyed. [23] Tradition says that the princess is disappointed, with shattered hearts do "martial starch", committed suicide to defend the honor of his country. [24] The story Pasunda Bubat become a major theme in the script Song of Sunda later compiled in the time in Bali and also Carita Parahiyangan manuscript. This story is alluded to in Pararaton but is not mentioned in Nagarakretagama.

Kakawin Nagarakretagama compiled in 1365 mentions the valuable cultural palace, elegant, and sophisticated, with a sense of art and literature that is smooth and high, as well as a complex system of religious rituals. The poet depicts the Majapahit as the center of a giant mandala stretching from Sumatra to Papua, and Maluku include the Malay Peninsula. Local traditions in various regions of the archipelago are still recorded the legends about the power of Majapahit. Administration of direct rule by the Majapahit kingdom includes only East Java and Bali area, outside the area just sort of broad self-government, periodic payment of tribute and recognition of their sovereignty over the Majapahit. However, any rebellion or a challenge for ketuanan Majapahit above that area could provoke strong reactions. [25]

In 1377, a few years after Gajah Mada's death, Majapahit sea attack to quell the rebellion in Palembang. [2]

Although the Majapahit rulers extended his rule to the various islands and sometimes attack the neighboring kingdom of Majapahit main concern is the seemingly getting the largest portion and the control of trade in the archipelago. At this time the Muslim traders and Muslim missionaries began to enter the region.
The fall of Majapahit
Majapahit troops

After reaching its peak in the 14th century, Majapahit power gradually weakened. After the death of Hayam Wuruk in 1389, Majapahit entered a period of decline as a result of a struggle throne. Heir Hayam Wuruk is Kusumawardhani crown princess, who married his own cousin, the prince Wikramawardhana. Hayam Wuruk also has a son of his concubine Wirabhumi are also demanding their rights to the throne. [5] The civil war called War Paregreg expected to occur in 1405-1406, among Wirabhumi against Wikramawardhana. The war was finally won by Wikramawardhana, semetara Wirabhumi captured and then beheaded. It seems that this debilitating civil war over the control of Majapahit conquered regions across.

In the period Wikramawardhana government, a series of maritime expeditions led by Ming dynasty admiral Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim general, arrived in Java several times between the period 1405 to 1433. Since the year 1430 Zheng He's expeditions has created a Chinese Muslim and Arab communities in some port city north coast of Java, such as in Semarang, Demak, Tuban, and Ampel; Islam then began to have a foothold on the northern coast of Java. [26]

Wikramawardhana ruled until 1426, and continued by his daughter, Queen Suhita, which ruled in 1426 until 1447. Wikramawardhana She is the second daughter of a concubine who was also the second daughter Wirabhumi. In 1447, Suhita died and continued rule by Kertawijaya, her brother. He ruled until 1451. Upon Kertawijaya died, Bhre Pamotan became king and ruled with a degree in Kahuripan Rajasawardhana. He died in 1453 AD. Occur at intervals of three years without the king's succession crisis. Girisawardhana, Kertawijaya son, ascended the throne in 1456. He later died in 1466 and was replaced by Singhawikramawardhana. In 1468 Kertabhumi prince rebelled against Singhawikramawardhana and declared himself king of Majapahit. [9]

When Majapahit was founded, Muslim traders and missionaries have started entering the archipelago. At the end of the 14th century and early 15th century, the Majapahit influence throughout the country began to decrease. At the same time, a new trading empire based on Islam, the Sultanate of Malacca, began to appear in the western part of the archipelago. [27] In the western part of the crumbling empire, Majapahit no longer stem the rise of the power of the Sultanate of Malacca in the mid 15th century began to dominate the Straits of Malacca and Sumatra to widen his power. While some of the Majapahit empire and conquered areas in other regions in the archipelago, one by one began to escape from the power of Majapahit.
A display model of Majapahit ship at the State Museum of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Singhawikramawardhana moving the royal capital further inland in Daha (the former capital of Kediri kingdom) and continued to rule there until Ranawijaya succeeded by his son in 1474. Ranawijaya beat Kertabhumi In 1478 and again unite into one kingdom of Majapahit. Ranawijaya ruled during the period 1474 to 1519 with a degree Girindrawardhana. Despite this strength has been weakened by the conflict Majapahit dynasty and began the rise of Islamic kingdoms in the north coast of Java.

The end time of the Majapahit Raj revolves around the period of 1478 (Saka 1400, the end of the century is regarded as unusual time changes of dynasty and the end of an administration [28]) until the year 1527.

In Javanese tradition there is a kronogram or candrasengkala which reads vanished ilang kretaning earth. Sengkala This is supposedly the end of the Majapahit and should be read as 0041, ie the year 1400 Saka or 1478 AD. Sengkala meaning is "gone gone prosperity of the earth". But the truth is illustrated by the death of Bhre candrasengkala Kertabumi, the 11th king of Majapahit, by Girindrawardhana. [29]

According Jiyu and Petak inscription, Ranawijaya admitted that he had beaten Kertabhumi [29] and moved the capital to Daha (Kediri). This incident sparked a war between the Sultanate of Demak Daha, since Demak ruler was the descendants Kertabhumi. This battle was won by Demak in 1527. [30] A large number of palace servants, artists, clergy, and members of the royal family fled to the island of Bali. This displacement is most likely to avoid retaliation and punishment of Demak due to their support for the fight Ranawijaya Kertabhumi.

With the fall of Daha crushed by Demak in 1527, the strength of the Islamic empire in the early 16th century eventually beat the rest of the Majapahit empire. [31] under the reign of Demak, Raden (later to become Sultan) Patah (Fatah), recognized as the successor to the kingdom of Majapahit. According to Babad Tanah Jawi and Demak tradition, Raden Patah legitimacy because he is the son of Majapahit king Brawijaya V with a Chinese woman.

Historical records of Chinese, Portuguese (Tome Pires), and Italy (Pigafetta) indicates that there has been a transfer of power from the hands of the ruling Hindu Majapahit into the hands of the Duke of Unus, the ruler of the Sultanate of Demak, between 1518 and 1521 AD [29]

Demak ensure its position as a regional power, and became the first Islamic empire that stood in Java. It was after the collapse of Majapahit, the rest of the surviving Hindu kingdom in Java Blambangan only royal residence in the east end, and the Kingdom of Sunda Padjadjaran in the capital in the west. Slowly Islam began to spread over the mountains to the resignation of the Hindu society and to Bali. Some pockets of Hindu Tengger people still survive in the mountains of Tengger, Bromo and Semeru area.
culture
Queen Bajang gate, entrance gate one important building complex in the capital Majapahit. The building is still standing in Trowulan.

     "Of all the buildings, there is no escape from the pole delicate carvings and beautiful colors" [In a walled environment] "there were elegant thatched roofed pavilion, beautiful scenery like a painting ... katangga fallen petals scattered in the wind and on the roof. the roof is like a girl's hair decorated with flowers, hearts delight anyone who looked at ".

     - An excerpt from the Majapahit capital Nagarakertagama.

Nagarakretagama mention the valuable cultural palace and graceful, with a taste of fine art and literature, as well as a complex system of religious rituals. The main event in the calendar of state administration held every first day of the month Caitra (March-April) when all the delegates from all the territories conquered Majapahit came to the palace to pay tribute or taxes. Majapahit region is simply divided into three types: the palace including the capital city and the surrounding region; areas in East Java and Bali were directly headed by officials appointed directly by the king; as well as the territories conquered in the archipelago that enjoy broad autonomy. [32]

The capital of Majapahit in Trowulan is a big city and is famous for its large religious celebration is held every year. Buddhism, Shiva, and Vaishnava (devotee of Vishnu) is embraced by residents of Majapahit, and the king at once incarnation of Buddha, Shiva, and Vishnu. Nagarakertagama absolutely no mention of Islam, but it is likely there will be some employee or servant of a Muslim palace at the time. [2]

Although brick had been used in the temple in the past, architects Majapahitlah most experts use. [33] The temples of good quality Majapahit geometrically by using the sap of vines and brown sugar as glue bricks. Examples of Majapahit temple can still be found today is the Rat Temple and Arch Bajang Queen in Trowulan. Some architectural elements derived from the Majapahit, among other temple briefly split gate, gate Paduraksa (kori agung) high roof, and a verandah based brick structure. The style of the building like this can still be found in the architecture of Java and Bali.

     ".... The King [of Java] has seven subordinate crowned king. [And] most populous island, is the second best island ever .... King's Island has its magnificent palaces. Due to very large, stairs and parts the indoor gold plated and silver, even the roof was gilded. Now the Great Khan of China many times fought against the king: but always fail and always manages to defeat the king. "

     - Description of Majapahit by Mattiussi (Rev. Odorico da Pordenone). [34]

Note that derived from the Italian source Java Majapahit era records obtained from Mattiussi trip, a priest of the Franciscan Order in his book: "Journey Pastor Odorico da Pordenone". He visited several places in the archipelago: Sumatra, Java, and Banjarmasin in Kalimantan. He was sent to the Pope Catholic missions in Central Asia. In 1318 he departed from Padua, crossed the Black Sea and the Persian penetrated, continues to reach Kolkata, Madras, and Srilanka. Then head up to the Nicobar islands of Sumatra, Java and Banjarmasin last visit. He returned to Italy by land through Vietnam, China, continues to follow the Silk Road to Europe in 1330.

In this book he mentions his visit in Java without explaining in more detail the name of the places he visited. Mentioned Javanese king king master seven subordinates. Also mentioned in this island there are a lot of clove, cubeb, nutmeg, and various other spices. He mentions the king's palace is very luxurious and amazing Java, full of gold and silver plated. He also mentions the king of the Mongols several times tried to attack Java, but always failed and were driven back. Javanese kingdom mentioned here is none other than the Majapahit visited at some time in the period 1318-1330 during the reign of Jayanegara.
economy
Piggy bank Majapahit era, 14-15 century AD Trowulan, East Java. (Collection Elephant Museum, Jakarta)

Majapahit is an agricultural country and state at the same trade. [21] taxes and penalties are paid in cash. Javanese economy had been partly familiar currency since the 8th century in the kingdom Medang that uses granules and pieces of gold and silver. Around the year 1300, during the reign of the first king of Majapahit, an important monetary changes occur: domestic coins replaced with money "Kepeng" ie copper coins imported from China. In November 2008 approximately 10,388 ancient Chinese coins weighing about 40 pounds unearthed from the backyard of a resident in Sidoarjo. Heritage Preservation Agency (BP3) of East Java ensures that the coins originated from the Majapahit era. [35] The reason for the use of coins or foreign coins are not mentioned in the historical record, but most experts suspect that with the increasing complexity of Javanese economy, it needs money small fraction or a dime in Majapahit currency system that can be used in day-to-day economic activity in the market Majapahit. This role is not suitable and can not be met by gold and silver are expensive. [32]

Some idea of ​​the scale of the domestic economy of Java when it is collected from a variety of data and inscriptions. Canggu inscriptions are numbered as many as 78 in 1358 mentions a crossing point where the boat crossings in the country (mandala Java). [32] Inscriptions from the Majapahit mention a wide range of jobs and specialties, ranging from gold and silver craftsmen, to vending, and slaughterhouse or butcher. Although many of these jobs have been around since the days before, but the proportion of the population who seek income and off-farm search edged increasing the Majapahit era.

According to Wang Ta-Yuan, Chinese merchants, commodity exports at the time is Java pepper, salt, cloth, and a parrot, while commodity imports were pearls, gold, silver, silk, ceramics, and iron goods. Its currency is made of a mixture of silver, tin, lead, and copper. [36] Moreover, the record Odorico da Pordenone, a Roman Catholic monk from Italy who visited Java in 1321, states that the Javanese royal palace full of gold jewelry, silver , and gems. [37]

Prosperity of Majapahit allegedly due to two factors. The first factor; Brantas river valley and the Solo River in East Java, the northern lowlands is suitable for rice farming. In the heyday of the Majapahit build irrigation infrastructure, in part with government support. The second factor; Majapahit's ports on the north coast of Java is likely to play an important role as a base port to get commodities Maluku spice. Taxes imposed on commodities spices passed through Java which is an important source of income for Majapahit. [32]

Nagarakretagama mention that the fame ruler Wilwatikta has attracted many foreign traders, including traders from India, Khmer, Siam, and China. Special tax imposed on foreigners who settled mainly semi-permanent in Java and do the job in addition to international trade. Majapahit had its own officials to take care of Indian and Chinese traders who settled in the capital of the kingdom as well as various other places in the territory of Majapahit in Java. [38]
The structure of government
Statue of goddess Parvati as the embodiment Tribhuwanottunggadewi posthumous, queen mother of Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit.

Majapahit had a governance structure and composition of the regular bureaucracy during the reign of Hayam Wuruk, and it seems that bureaucratic structures and not much changed during the development of history. [39] The king is regarded as the incarnation of a god in the world and it holds the highest political authority.
bureaucracy

The king was assisted by a number of officials in implementing the government bureaucracy, with the king's sons and close relatives have a high position. Usually relegated to the king commands officials under him, among others, namely:

         Rakryan Mahamantri Katrini, usually held the king's sons
         Rakryan Pakira Mantri ri-kiran, the board of ministers who carry out government
         Dharmmadhyaksa, religious law officials
         Dharmma-upapatti, religious officials

In Rakryan Pakira Mantri ri-kiran there is an important official who is Rakryan Mapatih or Patih Hamangkubhumi. These officers can be regarded as the prime minister together king can participate in the establishment of government discretion. In addition, there is also a kind of royal members of the consultative council of the king's relatives, who called Bhattara Saptaprabhu.
zoning

In its formation, Majapahit empire was a continuation Singhasari, [18] consists of certain areas in the eastern and central parts of Java. This area is governed by the so-called Paduka Bhattara uparaja who holds Bhre or "Lord i". This degree is the highest degree of royal nobility. Usually this position is only for close relatives of the king. Their job is to manage their empire, collect taxes, and send tribute to the center, and manage the defense in border regions they govern.

During the reign of Hayam Wuruk (1350 till 1389) there are 12 regions in Majapahit, administered by king's close relatives. The hierarchy in the classification of the area in the Majapahit empire known as the following:

         Bhumi: the kingdom, ruled by King
         Nagara: ruled by Rajya (governor), or natha (lord), or Bhre (prince or nobleman)
         Watek: managed by Wiyasa,
         Kuwu: managed by the headman,
         Wanua: administered by thani,

While in WINGUN Pitu inscription (1447 AD) stated that the Majapahit government is divided into 14 regions subordinates, led by a person who holds Bhre. [40] the subordinate areas, namely:

     Kahuripan (no. 1)
     Daha (no. 2)
     Tumapel (no. 3)



     Wengker (no. 4)
     Matahun (no. 5)
     Wirabumi (no. 6)



     Kabalan (no. 8)
     Flower jenar (no. 10)
     Shelf (no. 11)



     Jagaraga
     rivet
     Kelinggapura



     Singhapura
     Tanjungpura



When Majapahit entered the era of imperial rule Thalasokrasi when Gajah Mada, several overseas states are also included in the circle of influence of Majapahit, as a result, larger territorial concept was formed:

     State Court, or the Main State, the core kingdom. Initial area of Majapahit Majapahit or length during its formation before entering the imperial era. This is an area which includes the capital of the kingdom and the surrounding areas where the king effectively run the government. This area includes the eastern half of Java, with all managed by the province Bhre (nobles), which is a close relative of the king.
     Abroad, the area surrounding the Great State. This area is directly influenced by Javanese culture, and obliged to pay annual tribute. However, these areas typically have a native rulers or kings, the possibility of forming a partnership or married to the Majapahit royal family. Majapahit Empire puts bureaucrats and employees at these places and regulate their foreign trade activities and collect taxes, but they enjoyed considerable internal autonomy large. Overseas region includes all areas other Java, Madura, Bali, and also Dharmasraya, Pagaruyung, Lampung and Palembang in Sumatra.
     Archipelago, is an area which does not reflect Javanese culture, but belong to the colony and they have to pay an annual tribute. They enjoy a fairly broad autonomy and internal freedom, and Majapahit did not find it important to put bureaucrats or military troops here; however, challenge anything that looks threatening ketuanan Majapahit over the region will reap strong reaction. Included in this area is small kingdoms and colonies in Maluku Islands Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Borneo, and the Malay Peninsula.

These three categories were entered into the circle of influence of the Majapahit Kingdom. However Majapahit also recognize the fourth sphere defined as diplomatic relations abroad:

     Mitreka Satata, which literally means "partners with the order (rule) the same". It shows independent foreign country are considered equivalent by the Majapahit, not as subordinates in the power of Majapahit. According Negarakertagama Canto 15 foreign nations are Syangkayodhyapura (Ayutthaya in Thailand), Dharmmanagari (Kingdom of Nakhon Si Thammarat), Marutma, Rajapura and Sinhanagari (kingdoms in Myanmar), Kingdom of Champa, Cambodia (Cambodia), and Yawana (Annam). [41 ] Mitreka Satata can be regarded as an alliance of Majapahit, due to foreign empire abroad such as China and India are not included in this category although Majapahit has conducted foreign relations with these two nations.

Typical patterns of political entities such as the ancient Southeast Asian history is then identified by modern historians as the "mandala", which is a political entity defined by the center or core power than the borders, and can be composed of several subordinate political units without further administrative integration. [42] subordinate regions are included in the scope of the mandala Majapahit, namely Abroad and archipelago areas, generally have the original leader of the local authorities which enjoy broad enough internal freedom. This subordinate regions despite being affected by the Majapahit, still run their own government system without further integrated by the central power in the capital city of Majapahit. Mandala power pattern is also found in the previous kingdoms, such as Srivijaya and Angkor, and mandala-mandala neighbors Majapahit contemporaries; Ayutthaya and Champa.


Majapahit kings
Lineage Rajasa dynasty, the ruling family Singhasari and Majapahit. Ruler marked in this figure. [43]

The ruling is the successor of Majapahit royal family Singhasari, which was pioneered by Sri antler Rajasa, founders of the House Rajasa at the end of the 13th century. Here is a list of rulers of Majapahit. Note that there is a void between government Rajasawardhana period (8th ruler) and Girishawardhana that may result from a succession crisis which broke the Majapahit royal family into two groups [9].
King Name Year Degree
Raden Wijaya Kertarajasa Jayawardhana 1293 - 1309
Kalagamet Sri Jayanagara 1309 - 1328
Sri Gitarja Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi 1328 - 1350
Hayam Wuruk Sri Rajasanagara 1350 - 1389
Wikramawardhana 1389 - 1429
Dyah Ayu Kencana Suhita Wungu 1429 - 1447
UB Kertawijaya I 1447 - 1451
Rajasawardhana UB II 1451 - 1453
Purwawisesa or Girishawardhana UB III 1456 - 1466
Bhre Pandansalas, or Suraprabhawa UB IV 1466 - 1468
Bhre Kertabumi UB V 1468 - 1478
Girindrawardhana UB VI 1478 - 1498
Patih Air 1498 - 1518
historical heritage
Statues of Hindu ascetics late Majapahit period. Collection of the Museum für Indische Kunst, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.

Majapahit had become a source of inspiration past glory of the nations archipelago in the following centuries.
political legitimacy

Islamic sultanates of Demak, Pajang, and Mataram sought legitimacy for their rule through the relationship to the Majapahit. Demak claimed legitimacy through Kertabhumi offspring; its founder, Raden Patah, according to the Chronicle-palace Chronicle declared Demak Kertabhumi child and a Chinese woman, who was sent out of the palace before she gave birth. Conquest over Wirasaba Mataram in 1615 led by Sultan Agung itself has significance because it is the location of the capital of Majapahit. Palace-Central Javanese court has tradition and pedigree to prove relationship with the king of Majapahit royal family - often times in the form of ancestral graves, which in Java is an important piece of evidence - and increased perceived legitimacy through these relationships. Bali in particular gets a big influence of Majapahit and the Balinese consider themselves the true successor of Majapahit culture. [33]

The driver of the modern Indonesian nationalism, including those involved in the National Revival Movement of the early 20th century, has referred to Majapahit, Srivijaya addition, as a shining example of Indonesia's past. Majapahit sometimes referenced political boundaries of the Republic of Indonesia. [21] In the run propaganda of the 1920s, the Communist Party of Indonesia expressed his vision of a classless society as a reincarnation of a romanticized Majapahit. [44] Sukarno also raised for the benefit of Majapahit unity of the nation, while New Order to use it for the benefit of the expansion and consolidation of state power. [45] As of Majapahit, the modern state of Indonesia covers vast territory and is politically centered on Java.

Some Indonesian state symbols and attributes derived from elements of Majapahit. Indonesian national flag "Sang Merah Putih" or sometimes called "Dwiwarna" ("two colors"), is derived from the Majapahit Kingdom Flag colors. Similarly flag fleet of Navy warships in the form of stripes of red and white colors are also derived from Majapahit. Indonesia's national motto, "Unity in Diversity", quoted from "Kakawin Sutasoma" written by MPU Tantular, a Majapahit poet.
architecture
A pair of statues guard the gates of the 14th century temple of Majapahit in East Java (Museum of Asian Art, San Francisco)

Majapahit had a real and lasting impact in the field of architecture in Indonesia. The depiction of shapes pavilion (pavilion) of various buildings in the capital of Majapahit in Negarakretagama book has been an inspiration to the architecture of the palace buildings and temples in Java and Bali in the public housing complex today. Although the red brick has been used much earlier, the architects who perfected the technique of making Majapahitlah brick building's structure.

Some architectural elements of the building complex in Java and Bali known from the Majapahit period. For example, the gate of the temple briefly split that now tend to be associated with Balinese architecture, is actually the influence of Majapahit, as found in the temple Wringin Lawang, one of the oldest temples in Indonesia briefly. Similarly, the gate Paduraksa (kori agung) high roof, and a verandah based brick structure. Effect of aesthetic taste and style of the building can be seen in the complex Majapahit Kasepuhan Palace in Cirebon, Tower of Holy Mosque in Central Java, and Bali Pura Maospait. The layout of the complex of buildings in the form of pages associated with brick fenced gate and in the middle there is a hall, a Majapahit architectural heritage that can be found in the layout of several palace complexes in Java as well as complex puri (palace) and temples in Bali.
armament

In Majapahit era developments, preservation, and dissemination techniques keris following social functions and rituals. Techniques keris experiencing smoothing and selection of materials are becoming increasingly selective. Pre-Majapahit keris known weight but since this time onwards, the keris lightweight but strong clues quality of a dagger. The use of the keris as a sign of aristocratic circles also evolved during this period and extends to various parts of the archipelago, particularly in the western part.

In addition to a dagger, also developed the technique of manufacture and use simple spear and cannon ship called Cetbang. Currently one of the Majapahit Cetbang collection are in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.
modern Art

The royal greatness and variety of political intrigue that occurred at that time became a source of inspiration not stop for artists next time to pour his creation, especially in Indonesia. Here is a list of some of the artwork relating to this period.
long poem

     Darmagandhul fiber, a book that is not clear because the author uses a pen name Kalamwadi Ki, but the period is estimated from Surakarta. This book is about the things related to the changes in the religious beliefs of the Majapahit syncretic "Buda" to Islam and a number of worship that needs to be done as Muslims.

Comics and comic strips

     Serial "Mahesha Rani" by Teguh Santosa published in O Magazine, taking the background during the collapse Singhasari until the early career Mada (Gajah Mada), sister seperguruan Lubdhaka, a fellow Mahesha Rani.
     Comic / illustrated story of the Majapahit Empire, by Jan Mintaraga.
     Majapahit comic masterpiece R.A. kosasih
     Comic strip "Flag Koming" Dwi Koendoro works published in the newspaper "Kompas" Sunday edition, tells the story of the everyday citizen named Panji Koming Majapahit.
     Comic "Dharmaputra Winehsuka", by Alex Irzaqi, the story of Ra Ra Kuti and background events in the Spring 1316 M. Nambi pemerontakan

Romance / historical novel

     Sandyakalaning Majapahit (1933), a historical romance by setting the collapse of Majapahit, by Sanusi Pane.
     Rainbow in the sky Singasari (1968 - 1974), a historical romance with a setting time of the kingdom of Kediri and Singasari, SH Mintardja work.
     Bara Above the Throne, historical romance by setting Singasari and Majapahit kingdom era, the work of SH Mintardja
     Crisis In Majapahit, historical romance by setting the heyday of Majapahit, works of Kho Ping Hoo S. Asmaraman.
     Zaman Gemilang (1938/1950/2000), a historical romance that tells the end of Singasari, Majapahit, and ending on the intrigue surrounding the murder of Jayanegara, works Matu Mona / Hasbullah Parinduri.
     Senopati Pamungkas (1986/2003), with settings kungfu Singhasari and the beginning of the collapse of Majapahit to Jayanagara government, works Arswendo Atmowiloto.
     Reverse Flow (1995), an epic post kejayaaan archipelago in the early 16th century, the work of Pramoedya Ananta Toer.
     Dyah Pitaloka - Twilight Majapahit in the Sky (2005), features the work of Herman Aksan about Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi, princess of the Kingdom of Sunda Bubat killed in the incident.
     Gajah Mada (2005), a historical novel that tells the life glow Gajah Mada with ambitions to occupy the archipelago, the work of Krishna Hariadi sky.
     Jung Java (2009), an anthology of short stories set in the archipelago, Rendra Fatrisna Kurniawan, published by Babylon Publishing ISBN 978-979-25-3953-0.
         Kabuyutan: a small village or a sacred place.

Posted by : Edy santoso